Molecular Aspects of the Carcinogenic and Anticarcinogenic Potential of Natural Compounds from Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria (blur-green algae) are interest member of a group known as eubacteria, they are photosynthetic prokaryotes, that were originally classified as microalgae and distributed worldwide from polar to equatorial latitudes. They have very specialized cells (heterocyst, Akinetes) that are able to fix nitrogen and serve at high temperature or drought. Synthesis of toxin by many cyanobacterial bloom an also be viewed as giving a selective advantage to these groups and become an increasing worldwide problem in aquatic habitats. Species of cyanobacteria are sometimes difficult to identify mainly because of high phenotypic plasticity. Recently, molecular studies suggest that the taxonomic validity of numerous species and genera to identify and classify cyanobacterial strains rather than the morphological and physiological properties which are not appropriate markers for the study of cyanobacterial taxonomy. The present study proposed a new technique as a model for studying of cyanobacterial strains called Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) that propagates substantially scarce quantities of DNA into thousand folds more of like DNA. WGA used to amplify the cyanobacterial DNA for further genotyping and sequencing. Thus, the specific goals of the present study involving optimizing the use of WGA by different primers for genomic amplification and identifying the cyanobacteria species to evaluate phylogenetic diversity of species included Saudi Arabia strains. The identification based on the molecular techniques such as 16SrRNA, phycocyanin intergenic spacer (PCIGS) and nitrogenase (nifH) amplification. In addition, the differentiation between all cyanobacterial strains applying short tandemly repeated repetitive (STRR), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing the gene produced. Detection and quantitative analysis of the cyanobacterial toxins were done by molecular techniques such as Microcystin, Nodularin,